Hamlet and His Problems Essay

Eliot offers, as we have seen, what has come to be called an ‘impersonal theory of poetic creation. ’ Eliot would not have denied either that poets have feelings or that poetry inspires certain feelings in the reader. He offers, rather, an account, centered around his notion of the objective correlative, of how such feelings enter the poem in the first place that differs significantly from the expressive model of poetry promulgated by the Romantics. In â€Å"Tradition and the Individual Talent,† you might recall, using a chemical analogy, Eliot compares the poet’s mind to a catalyst and the emotions and feelings (he draws a distinction between these two that is unclear) universally inspired by particular objects and events to two chemicals which react with each other only in the presence of the catalyst. The product of the ‘chemical’ reaction is a poem which, when properly executed, then in turn inspires the same emotions and feelings in its audience. In short, the poet does not inject his personal emotions into the poem, that is, the best poetry does not ‘express’ the personality (thoughts and feelings) of the poet concerned. In â€Å"Hamlet and Its Problems,† Eliot gives further insight into exactly how emotions are included in poems without the poet’s own feelings becoming personally involved. According to Eliot, the best poets seek to verbally describe suitable objects which, when included in the poem, are responsible for generating a particular kind of emotion that, in turn, strikes the appropriate chord in the reader. The ‘object’ captured in words in this way serves, as Eliot puts it, as the ‘correlative’ of a particular kind of emotion. Eliot puts it this way: the only way of expressing emotion in the form of art is by finding an ‘objective correlative’; in other words, a set of objects, a situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula of that particular emotion; such that when the external facts, which must terminate in sensory experience, are given, the emotion is immediately evoked. 124-5) For example, the description of death inevitably involves the generation of sadness and related emotions in the audience as it would if it happened on real life. Given that Eliot is of the view that the best poetry is divorced from the personal feelings and involvement of the poet, the death described has little to do with the poet’s personal experiences of mortality. From this point of view, Eliot contends, the reason why Shakespeare’s play Hamlet is a failure is that the â€Å"essential emotion of the play is the feeling of a son towards a guilty mother† (124). However, the character Hamlet is â€Å"dominated by an emotion† (125) that is â€Å"in excess of the facts as they appear† (125). That is, the play Hamlet’s difficulty is that the character Hamlet’s â€Å"disgust is occasioned by his mother, but . . . is mother is not an adequate equivalent for it; his disgust envelops and exceeds her† (125). In short, the in fact not entirely unsympathetic figure of Gertrude in the play is not an adequate object for the emotions which she is meant to generate in her son. The play fails because Gertrude is a badly executed character who does not function as she is intended to by Shakespeare and thus fails as an objective correlative for emotions of disgust.

Sample design for Blackberry

In sampling, an element is the object (or person) about which or from which the information is desired. In survey research, the element is usually the respondent. A population Is the total of all the elements that share some common set of characterlstlcs. Element: Objects that possess the information the researcher seeks and about which the researcher will make inferences. Population: The aggregate of all elements, sharing some common set of characteristics, that comprise the universe for the purpose of the marketing research roblem.The researcher can obtain Information about population parameters by taking either a census or a sample. Census: a complete enumaration of the elements of a population or study objects. Sample: A subgroup of the elements of the population selected for participation in the study. sample Large Time available Population size the characteristics Conditions Favoring the use of Factors census Budget Short Large Small small Long Small Variance in Large Cost of s ampling error High Cost of nonsampllng errors High Low Nature of measurement Nondestructive Attention to individual cases NoAdvantages of Sampling Sampling saves time and money Sampling saves labor. Destructive Yes A sample coverage permits a higher overall level of adequacy than a full enumeration. Complete census Is often unnecessary, wasteful. and the burden on the public. 1) Define the Population: Sampling design begins by specifying the target population, which should be defined in terms of elements, sampling units, extent and time frame. Population/Target population: This is any complete, or the theoretically specified aggregation of study elements. It is usually the ideal population or universe to which esearch results are to be generalized.Survey population: This is an operational definition of the target population; that is target population with explicit exclusions-for example the population accessible, excluding those outside the country. Element (similar to unit of analy sis): This is that unit about which information is collected and that provides the basis of analysis. In survey research, elements are people or certain types of people. Sampling unit: This is that element or set of elements considered for selection in some stage of sampling (same as the elements, in a simple single-stage sample).In a ulti-stage sample, the sampling unit could be blocks, households, and individuals within the households. Extent: This refers to geographical boundaries. Time frame: The time frame is the time period of interest. In our case; Population/ target population = Blackberry users Survey population = Blackberry users between the age of 18-24, which refers to university students regarding the demographical factors. Elements = Blackberry users who are university students Sampling Unit = Blackberry users in the Business Administration Faculty of Istanbul University. Extent = Business Administration Faculty of Istanbul UniversityTime Frame = 2 weeks between 4-15 N ovember Given the large size of the target population and limited time and money, it was clearly not TeaslDle to Intervlew tne entlre BlacKDerry users, tnat Is, to take a census. So a sample was taken, and a subgroup of the population was selected for participation in the research. Our sample/ subgroup can be seen above. 2) Determine the Sampling Frame: A sampling frame is a representation of the elements of the target population. To be specific, this is the actual list of sampling units from which the sample, or some stage of the sample, is selected.It is simply a list of the study population. Sampling frame of our case = List of the students in the Business Administration Faculty of Istanbul University. 3) Select a Sampling Technique: Selecting a sampling technique involves choosing nonprobability or probability sampling. Nonprobability sampling : relies on the personal Judgement of researcher, rather than chance in selecting sample elements. Convenience Sampling: as the name impl ies, involves obtaining a sample of elements based on the convenience of the researcher. The selection of sampling units is left primarily to the interviewer.Convenience sampling has the advantages of being both inexpensive and fast. Additionally, the sampling units tend to be accessible, easy to measure, and cooperative. Judgement Sampling: The researcher selects the sample based on Judgement. This is usually and extension of convenience sampling. For example, a researcher may decide to draw the entire sample from one â€Å"representative† city, even though the population includes all cities. When using this method, the researcher must be confident that the chosen sample is truly representative of the entire population.Quota Sampling: introduces two stages to the Judgemental sampling process. The first stage consists of developing control categories, or quotas, of population elements. Using Judgement to identify relevant categories such as age, sex, or race, the researcher e stimates the distribution of these characteristics in the target population. Once the quotas have been assigned, the second stage of the sampling process takes place. Elements are selected using a convenience of Judgement process. Considerable freedom exists in selecting the elements to be included in the sample.The only requirement is that the elements that are selected fit the control characteristics. Snowball sampling: is a special nonprobability method used when the desired sample characteristic is rare. It may be extremely difficult or cost prohibitive to locate respondents in these situations. Snowball sampling relies on referrals from initial subjects to generate additional subjects. While this technique can dramatically lower search costs, it comes at the expense of introducing bias because the technique itself reduces tne II population.Kellnooa tnat tne sample wlll represent a good ross section Trom tne Probability sampling: in this kind sampling elements are selected by ch ance, that is, randomly. The probability of selecting each potential sample from a population can be prespecified. Simple Random Sampling: is the purest form of probability sampling. Each member of the population has an equal and known chance of being selected. When there are very large populations, it is often difficult or impossible to identify every member of the population, so the pool of available subjects becomes biased. Systematic Random Sampling: is often used instead of random sampling.It is also alled an Nth name selection technique. After the required sample size has been calculated, every Nth record is selected from a list of population members. As long as the list does not contain any hidden order, this sampling method is as good as the random sampling method. Its only advantage over the random sampling technique is simplicity. Systematic sampling is frequently used to select a specified number of records from a computer file. Stratified Random Sampling: is commonly use d probability method that is superior to random sampling because it reduces sampling error.A stratum is a subset of the opulation that share at least one common characteristic. Examples of stratums might be males and females, or managers and non-managers. The researcher first identifies the relevant stratums and their actual representation in the population. Random sampling is then used to select a sufficient number of subjects from each stratum. â€Å"Sufficient† refers to a sample size large enough for us to be reasonably confident that the stratum represents the population. Stratified sampling is often used when one or more of the stratums in the population have a low incidence relative to the other stratums.Cluster Sampling: may be used when it is either impossible or impractical to compile an exhaustive list of the elements that make up the target population. Usually, however, the population elements are already grouped into subpopulations and lists of those subpopulatio ns already exist or can be created. For example, let's say the target population in a study was church members in the United States. There is no list of all church members in the country. The researcher could, however, create a list of churches in the United States, choose a sample of churches, and then obtain lists f members from those churches. ) Determine the Sample Size: The statistical approaches to determining sample size are based on confidence intervals. These approaches may involve the estimation of the mean or proportion. When estimating the mean, determination of sample size using a confidence interval approach requires a specification of precision level, confidence level, and population standard deviation. In the case of proportion, the precision level, confidence level, and an estimate of the population proportion must De speclTlea. I ne sample size aetermlnea statlstlcally represents ne Tlnal or net sample size that must be achieved.In order to achieve this final sampl e size, a much greater number of potential respondents have to be contacted to account for reduction in response due to incidence rates and completion rates. Non-response error arises when some of the potential respondents included in the sample did not respond. The primary causes of low response rates are refusals and not-at-homes. Refusal rates may be reduced by prior notification, motivating the respondents, incentives, proper questionnaire design and administration, and follow- up. The percentage of not-at-homes can be substantially reduced by callbacks.Adjustments for non-response can be made by subsampling non-respondents, replacement, substitution, subjective estimates, trend analysis, weighting, and imputation. The statistical estimation of sample size is even more complicated in international marketing research, as the population variance may differ from one country to the next. A preliminary estimation of population variance for the purpose of determining the sample size a lso has ethical ramifications. The Internet and computers can assist n determining the sample size and adjusting it to a count for expected incidence and completion rates.Sampling distribution: the distribution of the values of a sample statistic computed for each possible sample that could be drawn from the target population under a specified sampling plan. Statistical inference: the process of generalizing the sample results to the population results. Normal distribution: a basis for classical statistical inference that is bell shaped and symmetrical and appearance. Its measures of central tendency are all identical. Standard error: the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean or proportion.Z values: the number of standard errors in point is away from the mean Incidence rate: the rate of occurrence of persons eligible to participate in a study expressed as a percentage Completion rate: the percentage of qualified respondents to complete the interview. It enables researchers to take into account anticipated refusals by people who qualify Substitution: a procedure that substitutes for nonrespondents other elements from the sampling frame that are expected to respond I rena analysis: a metnoa 0T a0Justlng Tor nonresponaents In wnlcn tne researcner tries to discern a trend between early and late respondents.This trend is projected to nonrespondents to estimate their characteristic of interest Weighting: statistical procedure that attempts to account for non-response by assigning differential weight to the data depending on the response rate Imputation: a method to adjust for non-response by assigning to characteristic of interest to the nonrespondents based on the similarity of the variables available for both nonrespondents and respondents.

Free African Americans Essay

The Antebellum period had a huge impact on the free African American people. The Antebellum period is the time that is pre-Civil War and post-War of 1812. The United States was expanding to a more powerful nation and slavery was the biggest industry in their economy. During this period of time, African Americans had to deal with many obstacles/adversities as free blacks in all regions of the United States. The regions known as, in the northern, upper south, deep south, and far west regions of the United States was where the free African American encountered different and similar situations and experiences. Throughout history the north always was known as the first region that freed slaves. The northern states didn’t us the same economic methods as the southern states and the far west. They adopted a new way of making money. According to The African American Odyssey, â€Å"Between 1860, a market revolution transformed the north into a modern industrial society. † This new method changed economy for the north until present day. This was a new age of industry and the production of factories. Slavery was not needed as much as the southern states where they had good sun to cultivate and profit from crops such as cotton. Even though this new method lightened the idea of slavery in the north, the freedom for blacks was still limited. Whites did not want to deal with blacks so they enforced new black laws in which resulted in the segregation of school, communities and any other public uses. Free black men had limited voting rights where they barely had any rights to vote. Most of all these black laws impacted the employment level to a low gradient for the free blacks in the north. This battle for employment had many negative impacts on free Black’s ways of life. Families were tarnished under the pressure of providing for their families with the scarcity of jobs. They enforced fugitive slave law where the white slave masters can hunt and recapture runaway slaves from the south. This made life difficult and filled the free blacks with fear because they were more prone to be wrongfully enslaved. Like the south the whites did not want to deal with blacks whatsoever. Irish immigrants were taking all the jobs away from the blacks many blacks had unskilled jobs such as being barbers and shoemakers. The free African American upper south region did have similar experiences as the north but much more were different. Though they shared similar churches family businesses and fraternities the upper south was still separated by the idea of slavery and the different economic methods. The impact of slavery created different communities. The free blacks in the north lived with other free Blacks while in the upper south; the free Blacks lived with slaves. The fugitive slave laws had a bigger impact on the upper south than the north. The free black was definitely more prone to be enslaves. Many sheriffs would harass and arrest free blacks randomly on profiling them as runaway slaves. They did have a tool known as free papers that was proof for their freedom. But these papers were useless most of the time because they constantly had to be renewed. These free papers impacted the everyday life of African Americans because they had to make sure that their papers weren’t stolen, lost, or tarnished. The free Blacks had fewer freedoms. They could not vote at all and they had problems going outside at night. They could not congregate in groups and had no rights to bear arms. Life as a free Black person was tougher than the north because of the low employment rates downgraded again due to the Irish immigrants taking their jobs. Their jobs were different during the antebellum period. Many people were maids and servants and washers. Upper south institutions where tarnished and almost did not exist. Black churches were overran by white ministries and left the black ministers with no opportunities to practice on their careers. Schools were almost absent. They were low funded whereas many blacks in the upper south were left uneducated. There were no schools and no jobs which gave success to the whites on preventing the advancement of the free blacks. Unlike the north and the upper south, the Deep South barely had any free blacks despite the fact that the population of African Americans in the Deep South was enormous. There were many incidents of racial mixing with slave owners and the female slaves. Diversity was there but slavery still kept their children enslaved. They usually had a choice to buy their way out of slavery. Many of the free slaves did not have their own separate identity from the white slave owners. Many of the free blacks were just like the whites. They were accepted in the churches. Many wealthy free blacks were educated due to the establishment of private schools. Unlike the north and the Upper South, they had better skilled jobs such as carpentry and tailors. Many whites began to overlook the success of the free African American In the Deep South and made it even more impossible to live. Unlike the North, Upper South, and the Deep South, the Far West absolutely did not want anything to do with free Blacks. The black laws in the Far West were made to ban all free Blacks from settling in their region. The Gold Rush of 1849 resulted in the migration of many White and free Black men to settle out west in states like California and Oregon. The Far west was known to be more multicultural and have multicultural communities. Many blacks had the same jobs of that the free Blacks from the regions had except for the gold mining. Many Blacks prospered from gold. Slavery was a huge propaganda in the upper south and the whole south in general. It was a reality that all African American whether free or enslaved could not avoid. The northern states were gradually enhancing their advancement in the idea of acceptance and coexistence with the Whites in the US. The north had at least a bit of a head start for the search of equality in the U. S. The conditions of living might have been similar and different in many ways but this time all came to an end once the fugitive slave laws were enhanced. Many free African Blacks were enslaved and wrongfully accused to be slaves. The new laws were undisputed and changed the Blacks’ idea of freedom and fight for equality Work Cited Hine D, The African American Odyssey (2011). Combined Volume, 5th Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Project proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project proposal - Assignment Example So, considering the changes in the needs and demands of the consumers, the retailer has planned to expand its market. This strategy is basically a market expansion strategy that has developed to increase its market size or market share among all the competitors. PROJECT OBJECTIVES: A project is defined as a onetime process rather than an ongoing process (Pinto, 2010). Setting up the website for online buying will be a onetime process. One of the objectives of the project is that the company wants to create an online buying environment that caters to the needs of the target market of online buyers in Australia. In the period of first six months after implementation of this project of online buying facility the company would target to achieve an increase in the revenue of the retail store by 20%. JUSTIFICATION AND MOTIVATION: With the concept of globalization a large number of logical and virtual organizations have come into existence and these online firms have achieved great success in a very short time period. Thousands of new service organizations have been developed and are operating through their websites in the international market and are using their website to target consumers (Reuben, 2012). By analyzing the feasibility of the new explored market many big or medium firms have developed their online stores or websites to capture the new market with the existing product and services. One more important reason for developing an online store is the cheapest and easiest way to enter in the international market. The changing environment and consumer buying behavior have forced many retailers to have their online stores (Nielsen, 2010) and therefore Mensland has also decided to build its online existence through website development along with the physical existence in the Australia market. This is actually for those customers who do not want to visit the retail stores for buying the goods and prefer the buying from any place and goods can be delivered at their door step. This project aims to provide an easy shopping environment to the customers. The project would be helpful in expanding the market and it would be a great chance to increase the market share along with the market growth and get the competitive advantage. PROJECT SCOPE: The project started with the objective of targeting the online buyers of the Australia as the consumer buying behavior is changing with the passage of time and there has been an increase in the online buying trend (The Telegraph, 2012). For this project, the retailer would design the idea and concept of the website and then find any particular and expert team or individual that can translate the idea into an online store. Once the online store is ready and the retailer would start its online marketing to engage consumers from different parts of the world. The retailer will be looking to increase its revenue by 10% in the period of first six months after the website has been launched. IDENTIFICATION AND MANAG EMENT OF RISK: Risk is an important aspect of every project that needs to be considered (Hamilton, 2004). These risks are to be managed properly to ensure the success of the project (Morris, 2008). Major risks of the project are as follows: 1- The cost of the website development can exceed from the budget. Therefore it is important to have sufficient budget and ensure that the website has important features available at that budget. 2- Competitor can enter in the online consumer

U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) Essay

U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) - Essay Example For a new employer who currently has no international ventures, and would like to go international, there are several key factors that require their attention. Such factors include the availability of adequate financial resources, human and social capital. In additional, for a new employer to get focused internationally, there is the first need to go through the domestic market entry barriers and gather the opportunities that lead to higher purchasing power of consumers from the developed economies. The employer must also carry out market analysis to ensure that it has fully engaged the domestic market enough before moving to the international market. It goes without saying that one major factor that would push an employer to the international market would be the availability of adequate financial resources. Such resources will be necessary for the creation of new offices in the countries where the business would decide to venture in. There is also this aspect of hiring the human capital that would perform the various duties in the business. The financial resources, apart from aiding in acquiring offices, will also be necessary for setting up the operational structures and activities of the company in the new areas. The company will also have to invest in the social capital to be sure that its investment get enough market in the public sphere through good social relations. In deciding to pursue international business, the main determining factors include economic, environmental, market and competitive factors. The market forces will determine the receptivity of the customers to a global product. When the consumers are more receptive to the product, the business is set to go global. However, if the consumers are less receptive to the product, the business is not yet ready to go global and the best thing to do is to do enough marketing to increase its receptivity. Economic factors

Diversity at Work ( race and religion) Research Paper

Diversity at Work ( race and religion) - Research Paper Example In order to exploit this opportunity for the peaceful labor relations and growth of the company, the management should establish long term diversity goals with the aim of improving employer-employee partnership on a long term basis. Thiederman (2008, p. 188) states that although entering into conversations about diversity-related tension and bias can be challenging and frightening, the benefits far outweigh the risks. More than anything else, such conversations serve an important educational function. The unique qualities and strengths of the different groups enhance the enterprise value of an organization, if they are harnessed to increase overall efficiency in an organization. Therefore, management strategies should aim to facilitate exchange of information through proper communication, discussions and conversations within the organization. According to the Wall Street Journal, the management should provide diversity training in the workplace and all employees should understand tha t hiring decisions are based on finding the best candidate and not by quotas. This will enhance the confidence level among the employees. In the wake of globalization and liberalization in various countries of the world, the business undertakings need introspection into their human resources management strategies. ... 2) state, â€Å"In 2000, 19% of the US resident population was non-white; in 2020, 22.4% is expected to be non-white; †¦Ã¢â‚¬  When it is analyzed with reference to employment in the organizations, data related the government departments or establishment will be useful and reliable because they are maintained in accordance with a set of government rules to highlight the representation of different sections of the society and minorities in employment. US General Accounting Office (2003, p. 2) in its report stated that according to the USPS data, in the USPS career employee workforce the representation of minorities and women in the workforce remained fairly constant, about 36 and 38 percent, respectively. (Appendix – II, USPS Career Employee Workforce Representation by Race/Ethnicity and Gender, Fiscal Years 2000 through 2002) Therefore, the representation of various social groups in employment reflects the progress in this area for the nation as a whole. A company shoul d formulate its human resources management strategy taking into account the environment and its relative position within the industry in the area of diversity at work. Proper mix of the labor need to be worked out based on the product and customer profile, the geographical spread of the business and the existing management structure. Diversity goals   Measuring the success of an organization in achieving its diversity goals is based on several factors such as retention level, labor turnover in various social groups in the organization, absenteeism, proportion of various social groups in the management positions. (Appendix – I, Diversity Indicators) Diversity at work is not restricted to the lower levels but include all levels in the management

Risk management case study analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Risk management case study analysis - Coursework Example To achieve a dynamic good patient result, the medical practitioners must holistically work together with a focus on mitigating, curative and preventing further development of a disease process. It can only be achieved when all health care providers get determined to practice appropriate medicine without any assumptions or negligence in service offering. Continued provision of proper primary medical care is needed for any society, this led to the establishment of family nurse practitioner (FNP) whose function is entitled to practice and provide primary comprehensive healthcare to family individuals from childhood to adulthood. They are mostly prepared to deal with acute illness in curative and preventive levels. This person can notice something peculiar in an infant and makes the first medical move to solve it or refer to the appropriate medical specialist. Other significant others who play a vital role in maintaining the health of family members include; parents, siblings, teachers a nd colleagues of an individual in the workplace, since they can notice some signs that point towards a particular disease (Perez-Terzic, 2012). The family nurse practitioner was the first person to see the child presenting with sign and symptom that suggested a cardiovascular disease or nervous system disorder. In the first visit, the nurse noted that the blood pressure was low with other vital sign parameters within normal range. That is highly suggestive of cardiac insufficiency and, therefore, warranted immediate investigations of cardiac functionality and blood volume monitoring. In the second visit to a paediatrician, there was a critical history provided by the physical education teacher of the child fainting, gripping hands to himself clenched and shaking. Even though on physical examination there was no pathology noted, the child might have been suffering from the nervous system or cardiac disease. An

Quiz 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quiz 6 - Essay Example It is also helpful for those who have a doubt about the old school of thought related to economics and bridging the gap between past and present concepts. (Brittan, 202) in his book, Backhouse discussed about how Homer and Hesiod’s writing educated the people of Greece and gave them the idea about how life should be lived. The story of society discussed in Iliad and the Odyssey was â€Å"hierarchical, based not on market relationships, but on the distribution of wealth through gifts, theft, prizes for winning competitions, plunder received in war, and tribute paid by defeated cities to their conqueror† (Backhouse, 11) Homer in his writing considered trading as a secondary and inferior way of acquiring wealth as according to him exchanging gift among same rank holders, wining prizes in war was more better way of earning wealth. (Backhouse, 11) There was very little economical data available from the time of Xenophon (c. 430–354 BC) and Plato (c. 429–347 BC) but one it is now a proven fact that economy at that time also based on agriculture. (Backhouse, 14) Later on Aristotle in his concept also discussed about the acquisition of wealth for people’s day to day activities.(Backhouse, 22) In Aristotle’s view there were 2 ways of acquiring wealth, one was estate management and other one was â€Å"getting wealth through exchange†. (Backhouse, 22) People need money to live a good life-this was the concept of Aristotle, and for him hunger for excess money could bring about the difference of class and status in a society. This was the ancient Greek philosophy and it has a great influence on present western thoughts. If one analyzes the concept of neoclassical economics, then it is very clear that both Plato and Aristotle had some key opinion about economics. In Backhouse’s opinion, Plato argued for the subsistence of universals-ideal, pure forms which

Existentialism in European Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Existentialism in European Art - Essay Example This art is still relevant today for all practical purposes and will be demonstrated as such. Europe had been left ravaged by Hitler and the Nazis. There was a great deal of despair in the region over the fact that for six years (1939-1945), basically Europe had been Hitler's stomping grounds. In 1938, Austria fell; in 1939, Germany invaded Czechoslovakia; also in 1939, Poland fell; Belgium, France, and the Netherlands surrendered in 1940; and Luxembourg fell in 1940 and was annexed to Germany.1 Then, also in 1940, Denmark and Norway were invaded, and Romania surrendered to Germany; Germany entered the Soviet Union in 1941 and lost; and then Yugoslavia, Greece, and Estonia all surrendered to Germany in 1941.2 By the end of the war, the U.S.S.R. (the United Soviet Socialist Republic) controlled a majority of Europe. In most countries, the U.S.S.R. put communist factions in control. Also, a few Baltic nations were annexed to the U.S.S.R. Germany was required to make reparations to several countries, notwithstanding. Much of these accoutrements had to be made in order to pacify the Allies' thirst for power in a declining German economy. In many ways, this was payback for the Nazism that had ravaged Europe. Germany was reduced to being in a bad situation financially, about where it had been before the start of World War II economically. At the end of World War II, people were ... Also, a few Baltic nations were annexed to the U.S.S.R. Germany was perhaps affected in the worst way in some senses of the word. There was an economic depression of sorts, and the country had to be entirely rid of Nazi policy and symbolism. Several German and Polish people were banished from their countries of origin due to the way Europe was divided based on post-war treaties. Germany was required to make reparations to several countries, notwithstanding. Much of these accoutrements had to be made in order to pacify the Allies' thirst for power in a declining German economy. In many ways, this was payback for the Nazism that had ravaged Europe. Germany was reduced to being in a bad situation financially, about where it had been before the start of World War II economically. At the end of World War II, people were seeking answers about existence and selfhood. After having lived through the concentration camps and the occupations, Europe was ready for a paradigm shift in the way people connected to one another (themselves) as well as other people. People were seeking more out of life. They wanted to know answers to the questions "Who am I" and "Why am I here" Post-World War II, many people were left wondering what to do with themselves. Now that they were free, people had the time on their hands to finally navel-gaze and be disaffected observers. For now, they were not the ones being interrogated. It was their turn to interrogate others and ask of life all of the questions that filled their souls with longing. People were struggling not to be bored (when they weren't in dire need of worrying about surviving, of course). And, surviving was an entirely different topic altogether that needed to be addressed. Many survivors of World War II

Course Expectations and Goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Course Expectations and Goals - Essay Example I have not always been an A student, but this particular topic interests me, and I think that I should be able to shine if I study hard and am open to learning from you, my teacher, and also my peers, who may be more knowledgeable about me in this certain subject. My strengths in technical writing are that I am someone who has a lot of thoughts swirling around in my brain, so it shouldn’t be too hard for me to jot them down on paper. Part of being such a good writer is to always be open to critique, and I am sure that this is one area that I can excel in. On the other hand though, my attention to detail is perhaps not as great as it should be. I think the reason for this is that I think faster than I can write, and thus the words are coming out of my brain much faster than I can write them out. I am aware of this and realize that I need to slow it down and properly construe the thought patterns that may be in my head. In terms of organization, I am a pretty well-organized person because I set deadlines for whenever I have to complete something by. Part of this process is breaking down the task into smaller more manageable â€Å"chunks† so that the task does not seem so daunting at first. My mind is naturally inclined to think critically about whatever I am writing about (Is this the only way? What if my way is wrong? Is there a better option?). I ask myself all these questions because I always want to strive for the very best that I have to offer. If I can refine my work just marginally, it may end up strengthening my argument. My grammar skills are quite acceptable to most people’s standards. I always take great pride in the quality of my work, and this also means the way it is presented too. Once I have completed a work, I go back over it and check for not only any blatant errors, but also for places where the copy can be improved or tweaked to make it more concise. I would

Turbines Case Essay Example for Free

Turbines Case Essay Definition and historical background Claude Burdin (1788–1873) was the very first person to use the word turbine. The word came from the Latin term turbo/turbines, which means a â€Å"whirling† or a â€Å"vortex.† Burdin used the term to describe the subject matter of an engineering competition being held during that time for a water power source. It would be an oversimplification to describe turbine as a rotating machine that is used to derive power or electricity from the water; a common water wheel may not immediately or necessarily be a turbine, but it definitely is a rotating machine. A more precise definition of a turbine is that it is a machine â€Å"in which the water moves relatively to the surfaces of the machine, as distinguished from machines in which such motion is secondary, as with a cylinder and piston† (Daugherty and Franzini 1965, 213–214). More broadly, to include other types of turbine, it is one of those devices or machines that is being used to channel or convert energy from a stream of fluid (liquid or gas) into mechanical energy which would eventually be used to generate electrical energy, or to support or augment another utility/device. This is done as the stream passes through a system of fixed and moving fanlike blades which causes the latter to rotate. This device (turbine) looks like a large (and sometimes small) wheel with small radiating blades around its rim. The four general classes of turbines are water or hydraulic, wind, steam, and gas turbines. Water or hydraulic, wind, and steam turbines are generally used for the generation of electricity; while the remaining one, gas turbines, is mostly being used in aircrafts (Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 2006). The principal components of simple turbines are the rotor, which in most if not all cases has blades projecting radially from the center to its periphery; the nozzles, where the working jet of fluid is directed and expanded; and blades, where the conversion of kinetic to mechanical energy takes place. Theoretical and operating principles Potential and kinetic energy both exist in a working fluid, which could be compressible or incompressible. Turbines collect this available energy by utilizing any or both of these physical principles: impulse turbines and reaction turbines. Impulse turbines change the direction of flow of a given high velocity fluid jet. The impulse, as a result of this, causes the turbine to spin or rotate, diminishing the kinetic energy of the fluid flow as this is absorbed by the device. In the case of flowing water, it comes available in purely mechanical form (water in nature is one of the most useful and efficient sources of kinetic energy). Scientific calculations show that 1 cubic meter of water can actually produce 9.8 kilojoules of pure mechanical energy for every meter that the volume of water descends. In the same way, a flow of the same volume of water for every second in a fall of 1 meter can provide 9.8 kilowatts, or 13 horsepower. Hydraulic turbines efficiency is estimated at approximately 1, meaning, almost all energy is available or utilized. This kinetic/mechanical energy can be converted to electrical energy with an efficiency of more than 95.0% (Calvert 2004). To get this much power from water, it should be extracted as it is lowered in elevation. The current in a stream, of course, is obvious. This flow comes from the open-channel movement or flow of water as influenced by gravitational forces. Simply put, holding a paddle-wheel in the stream of water will result to the paddle-wheel being rotated and from this outcome, power can be extracted (mechanical energy or electrical energy). This is an example of elementary impulse turbine, a machine acted upon by the impulse or force of moving or flowing water (Calvert 2004). In the case of reaction turbines, torque is developed as a result of fluids pressure or weight. The fluids pressure changes as it goes through the rotor blades of the turbine. There should be a pressure casement so as to contain and maintain the energy of the working fluid as it acts on the turbine stage(s). If there would be no pressure casement, the turbine must be immersed in the fluid flow, such as in the case of wind turbines. It is the casing that directs and contains the working fluid. In the case of water turbines, it maintains the suction which is imparted by the draft tube (Calvert 2004). A simple but very good example for this principle is the lawn sprinkler. In contrast to the impulse turbine, where the pressure change took place in the nozzle, the pressure change in reaction turbines occurs in the runner itself. This happens at the time that the force is exerted, hence, a reaction. Looking at the example of sprinkler, its duty is to spread water coming from it; the resulting energy from the turbine serves to move (rotate) the sprinkler head. Water flows from the center of the sprinkler going radially outward. Water under pressure comes from the center, and then jets of water that can possibly cover the area go out to the ends of the arms of the sprinkler at zero gauge pressure. The significant decrease in pressure takes place in the sprinklers arms. The water is projected at a certain angle to the radius, but it should be noted that the water from a working sprinkler actually moves along a defined radius. The jets of water do not impinge on a runner; but rather, they leave the runner, and this momentum is not converted into force, as opposed to an impulse turbine. The force residing on the runner reacts to the creation of the momentum, hence, the principle itself, reaction turbine (Calvert 2004). In any case, there is no restriction, as far as laws of physics are concerned, for any machine to utilize both principles. Many machines or devices use both of these principles as it is more efficient for the machine to be that way. Different kinds of turbines There are different kinds of turbines used in modern period: the water or hydraulic, steam, gas, and wind turbines. There are other types but these four are the most common and are usually the bases of any other turbines. Hydroelectric power stations utilize water, or hydraulic, turbine to drive their electric generators. Wisconsin, in 1882, witnessed the first of this kind of turbines. The processes taking place in a hydraulic turbine is simple: falling water hits a set of buckets or blades connected to a shaft. This impact will cause the shaft to rotate and move the rotors of the generator. The most common kinds of hydraulic turbine are the Francis turbine, Pelton wheel, and the Kaplan turbine. Two engineers, Sir Charles A. Parsons and Carl G. P. de Laval (of Great Britain and Sweden, respectively), pioneered the building of hydraulic turbines during the late 19th century. Continual developments and improvements of basic machines made hydraulic turbines to be the main power sources utilized to drive most large electric generators (Reynolds 1970). Another kind of turbine is the steam turbine. This is typically consist of conical steel shell that encloses a central shaft wherein a set of bladed disks are placed like washers. These blades are bent and extend outward (radially) from the edge of each disk. Some steam turbines have shafts that are surrounded by a drum wherein the rows of blades are attached. In between each pair of disks, there is a row of stationary vanes that are attached to the steel shell. These extend radially inward. Each set of vanes together with the bladed disk immediately situated/placed beside it constitutes one stage of the steam turbine. Most steam turbines have multistage engines (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia [Online edition], 2007). Steam turbines are used mostly for electricity generation in thermal power plants, (i.e., plants using fuel oil or coal, or nuclear power). Steam turbines were once used to drive mechanical devices such as in the case of ships propellers. However, most such applications now utilize an intermediate electrical step or reduction gears. Gas turbines are now used mostly for aircraft engines. But there are still some gas turbines being used to drive electric generators (i.e., in an electric–gas turbine locomotive) as well as high-speed tools. The essential components of a gas turbine are (a) compressor, (b) combustion chamber, and (c) turbine that somehow resembles that of a steam turbine (refer to the description in the previous paragraph). The compressor is driven by the turbine, and then provides high-pressure air into the combustion chamber. In this chamber, the high-pressure air is mixed with a fuel and then burned. This makes the high-pressure gas(es) drive the turbine, with the same gas(es) expanding until their pressure decreases and reaches atmospheric pressure (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia [Online edition], 2007). The last kind of turbine is the wind turbine, which as the name suggests converts the kinetic energy coming from the wind into mechanical and/or electrical energy. If the resulting mechanical energy is directly used by a nearby or even attached machinery (e.g., pump or grinding stones), the turbine device is usually referred to as a windmill. But if this mechanical energy is used to generate electricity, then, the device is called a wind turbine, wind generator, or wind energy converter (WEC; Reynolds 1970). Wind turbines can be three-bladed, two-bladed, or even one-bladed (counterbalanced). Computer-controlled motors point them to the direction of the winds. Danish turbine manufacturers have utilized the three-bladed turbine type. This type of wind turbine has high tip speeds (even reaching up to 6 times the speed of the wind), low torque ripple, and high efficiency, which contributes to the overall good reliability. This type of turbine is the one that is being commercially used to generate electricity. In many cases, the blades are colored in such a way that it blends with the clouds. The length of these blades usually ranges from 20 to 40 meters (or about 70 to 100 feet) or more, while the height is about 200 to 295 feet. Contemporary wind turbine models rotate at a speed of 16.6 rpm (revolution per minute). As a safety precaution to avoid overspeed damage, most wind turbines are equipped with automatic shutdown features during strong winds (Reynolds 1970; Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia 2007). There are other kinds of turbines, albeit fewer and smaller ones, in existence. These are the transonic turbines, contra-rotating turbines, statorless turbines, ceramic turbines, and shroudless turbine. Other uses of turbines Almost all electrical energy being used on Earth is generated with any one of the turbines discussed. Turbines with high efficiency can harness approximately 40% of the produced thermal energy, with the rest of the output exhausted as waste heat. Turbines are being utilized by most jet engines to provide mechanical energy from their fuel and working fluid as do most, if not all, power plants and nuclear ships. Reciprocating piston engines (like those found in aircraft engines) can utilize a turbine to drive an intake-air compressor. This configuration is known as the turbocharger (or turbine supercharger) or more colloquially known as â€Å"turbo.† Most turbines are capable of having very high power density the ratio of power to volume, or power to weight. This is due to their ability to function at extremely high speeds (Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia 2007). As of yet, no one has established any limitation for this invention of humankind. And with enough research and development, the present capability of these machines can even yield astonishing achievements. Woks Cited Calvert, J. B. â€Å"Turbines.† Date accessed: November 29, 2007 (http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/tech/fluids/turbine.htm). Daugherty, R. L., and J. B. Franzini. Fluid Mechanics. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965. Reynolds, J. Windmills and Watermills. New York: Praeger, 1970. Strandh, S. A History of the Machine. New York: AW Publishers, 1979. â€Å"Turbine.† Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 2006. Date accessed: November 29, 2007 (http://www.answers.com/topic/turbine). â€Å"Turbine.† The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 6th ed. Columbia University Press, 2003. Date accessed: November 29, 2007 (http://www.answers.com/topic/turbine). â€Å"Wind turbine.† Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Date accessed: November 29, 2007 (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wind_turbineoldid=173495357).

The Opening Scenes of Othello, King Lear and Macbeth Essay Example for Free

The Opening Scenes of Othello, King Lear and Macbeth Essay The influences of feminine powers from the Shakespearean plays, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, portrayed during the opening scenes have affected the courses of male instincts and literary arguments throughout the play. In this study, the emphasis is given to the powers of feminine influences portrayed in the opening scenes and the effects of these to male characters and arguments throughout the play. The three plays of Shakespeare have shown significant interests on how females provided influential to seemingly manipulative roles throughout the play. In the opening scene of the play Macbeth, the feminine force of Lady Macbeth only becomes evident in the latter scenes (Act I: Scene V), but her character and roles in the play have shown immense manipulation and creative enticement that lures the role of her husband Macbeth from general to king. Lady Macbeth has shown a personality of a domineering wife that pave the way for her husband’s royal disposition. In the story, her presence and feminine influence are evidently illustrated by her manipulation of her husband’s decisions. The powers of Lady Macbeth portray the similarity towards the militaristic domination of her husband’s task in the military, yet also give contrast to their roles and dispositions, which emphasizes her enticement. On the other hand, the feminine influences present in King Lear are evidently multi-faceted through the roles of characters, Goneril, Regan and Cordelia. Shakespeare is able to centralize the literary course through the discreet and indirect manipulation of character of Cordelia, the youngest daughter of King Lear. In opening scenes this play, the feminine roles are very much intertwined with the concept of sibling rivalry and patriarchal inclinations, which is more patterned to â€Å"Electra† complex of Freudian psychosexual theory. The character of Cordelia has shown her distinct attachments towards the King of France as her husband and the King Lear as her father, while the two sisters, Goneril and Regan, implicate love towards themselves and their husband’s disposition to the society. Cordelia’s depiction of feminine influence is the main emphasis of the discussion due to her distinct attachments to significant male characters as well as her diverse portrayal in the opening scenes of the play. Lastly, the play of Othello gives rise to the character of Desdemona who have entangled the hearts of two gentlemen, Othello and Roderigo. In the opening scenes, it is already indicated that Roderigo lost the hand of Desdemona to his competitor Othello, who actually became the husband of Desdemona. In the novel, the roles of women, including Desdemona, Emilia and Bianca, have become the turning point of argument among men. Shakespeare has evidently utilized the imagery of womanhood in order to create the sense of love rivalries, issues of jealousy, scenarios of betrayal and the instinctive manly lust linked to their pride as military personnel and as male human being. The feminine influence is very much intense and evident even in the opening scenes of the play; however, it portrays a different perspective in the form of love triangle between Othello, Desdemona and Roderigo. Discussion The Opening Scenes of Othello The setting of the opening scene involves the two characters Roderigo and Iago arguing about the secret marriage that occurred between Othello, Roderigo’s literary rival, and Desdemona, the woman who captivated Roderigo. During the first scenes, Roderigo acts furiously and blatantly exaggerates his hatred and defeat towards Iago due to the fact that Desdemona can no longer be with him. Even from the very start, the character of Desdemona is already causing an indirect influence towards the male characters through the depiction of erotic triangle between Othello, herself and Roderigo. In the advent of Roderigo’s jealousy, he is easily manipulated by Iago’s lying tongue that causes them to further lay down their conflict to the Desdemona’s father, Senator Brabantio. â€Å"Iago: Call up her father, rouse him: make after him, poison his delight, proclaim him in the streets; incense her kinsmen and, though he in a fertile climate dwell, plague him with flies: though that his joy be joy, yet throw such changes of vexation ont, as it may lose some colour. (Act I: Scene I)† Brabantio, being influenced again by the role of Desdemona as his daughter, becomes protective over her and enrages as he learn the marriage between his pure bred English daughter to a moor. Othello is known as the noble moor in the novel; hence, creating issues of classicism in terms of racial origin. Despite Othello’s military rank (General), he is not welcomed with full acceptance by Desdemona’s patriarchs. â€Å"Brabantio: It is too true an evil: gone she is; and whats to come of my despised time is nought but bitterness. Now, Roderigo, Where didst thou see her? O unhappy girl! With the Moor, sayst thou? Who would be a father! How didst thou know twas she? O she deceives me (Act I: Scene I). † Literary angles would consider the enticement and manipulation brought by Iago; however, the clear spot on Desdemona, being the subject of argument among men in the opening scenes, is the clearest influence of feminine powers. Brabantio’s patriarchal protectiveness and Roderigo’s lustful intent insist to revoke the clinging of Othello to Desdemona; however, even with progressive accusations (e. g. witchcraft, unreasonable seductions from Othello, etc. , Othello is able to defend himself and his love for Desdemona. Prior to the frank arguments between Brabantio’s allies and Othello, the noble moor already declared his affection towards Desdemona. â€Å"Othello: But that I love the gentle Desdemona, I would not my unhoused free condition put into circumscription and confine for the seas worth(Act I: Scene II). † Shakespeare portrays a different power of female captivity in the initial conflicts of opening scenes. Even without the appearance of Desdemona in the opening scenes of the play, her presence and manipulation over the male characters are already evident. The protectiveness of Brabantio, the jealous love of Roderigo and Othello’s proof of love for Desdemona have all indicated a tremendous male influence through a simple decision made by Desdemona, which is her marriage with Othello. Evidently, the female character of Desdemona invisibly influences the subjects of arguments (e. g. Iago and Roderigo, Brabantio against Othello, and Roderigo against Othello) present in the opening scenes of the play. The Opening Scenes of King Lear In the play of King Lear, the female parties under the portrayals of the three sisters, Goneril, Regan and King Leer’s most favourite, Cordelia. The play opens with King Lear and his daughters providing their best interpretations of their patriarchal affinity. Goneril, being the eldest and married daughter, casts well-stated praises for the king but less affinity for a father. â€Å"Goneril: †¦No less than life, with grace, health, beauty, honour; as much as child eer loved, or father found; a love that makes breath poor, and speech unable;†¦ (Act I: Scene 1). † Meanwhile, Regan, the second daughter, resembles more of her eldest sister’s remarks although, she places more emphasis on the insufficiencies of Goneril’s description. It is a higher bid, a bold comparative and an assertion that Regan can love better than the eldest. Regan mentions that, â€Å"In my true heart â€Å"†¦I find she names my very deed of love; only she comes too short: that I profess myself an enemy to all other joys, which the most precious square of sense possesses; and find I am alone felicitate in your dear highness love (Act I: Scene I)†, which gives the hint of her total love for King Lear. Shakespeare’s King Lear somehow illustrates the role of women to please men of the contemporary European society simply through words, which sometimes even blinds them of the real picture. However, despite the alluring statements provided by the two sisters, Shakespeare decides to have the youngest, Cordelia, as the turning point of feminine enticement in the story, which even influenced the entire literary course of King Lear. Upon the first entrance of King Lear, a significant symbolism of favoritism has already been portrayed for his youngest daughter. His concern over her is vastly impressive and evident as he acknowledges the non-implied burden of Cordelia’s suitors, King France and Lord of Burgundy. However, this affection of King Lear has been seemingly declined by Cordelia during her turn to state her love for the king. Corderlia’s thoughts assures to her confidence that her tongue is not match for her affection towards her father. â€Å"Cordelia: Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave, my heart into my mouth: I love your majesty according to my bond; nor more nor less. (Act1: Scene 1)† This is turning point plays the most significant feminine influences over males in the opening scenes of the play. King Lear becomes enraged, disowns his daughter and leaves her to the King of France to marry. However, Cordelia still provides the greatest affinity towards the king compared to her two sisters. The feminine influences of the three daughters to their father provide a multi-faceted approach. Goneril and Regan compete for their interest in the king’s inheritance, but their intents show selfish and masked affinity. On the other hand, Cordelia manifests a strong attachment to her father. Despite of the knowledge that failure to gratify the king through word praises might cause the lost of her part in the kingdom shares, she still preferred to announce her honest verdict. In the opening scene, King Lear, with the instinctive manly characters, is easily manipulated by the feminine lingual enticement, which even blinds his site from truth. King Lear prioritizes his pride and instinct as a man, which blinds him from the real identities and intentions of her daughters. The linkages of the sisters towards the king are related to the patriarchal attachments that should be natural to such familial relationships. The Electra complex depicted in the play and the process on how feminine enticement can manipulate male’s decision is the main influence of feminine roles throughout the play. The Opening Scenes of Macbeth In the Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the feminine influence is greatly portrayed by the role of Lady Macbeth over her husband, Macbeth. In the story, the three witches have provided their prediction of kingly lineage to Banquo, a military general and Macbeth’s best friend; however, as Lady Macbeth learns of the predictions, she decides to use this together with her husband as an opportunity to own the crown. Lady Macbeth is able to convince Macbeth that the only way to the royal lineage is to eliminate the current monarch, King Duncan. During the conversations of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, the manipulation of Lady Macbeth becomes evident in her efforts to convince Macbeth for the killing plot. â€Å"Lady Macbeth: And when goes hence? Macbeth: To-morrow, as he purposes. Lady Macbeth: O, never shall sun that morrow see! .(Act 1: Scene V) Lady Macbeth: What cannot you and I perform upon the unguarded Duncan? What not put upon his spongy officers, who shall bear the guilt of our great quell? † (Act 1: Scene VII). The feminine cunningness of Lady Macbeth has entices her husband for her plot of putting Macbeth in the royal sit. She is even confident to take the overall burden for the sake of her husband’s new position in the royal chambers as evident to her statements, â€Å"Lady Macbeth: †¦to alter favour ever is to fear: Leave all the rest to me†¦ (Act I: Scene V). The influence of Lady Macbeth is also the main weapon that she chooses in order to fulfill the plot of killing. She decides to lure the king to her enticement prior to the killing and, with that, her cunning statements begin to manifest. â€Å"Duncan: Give me your hand; conduct me to mine host: we love him highly, and shall continue our graces towards him. By your leave, hostess (Act 1: Scene VI)† The female influences portrayed in the character of Lady Macbeth illustrate the manipulative and non-offensive strategy of female mind in directing the male’s decision according to their preferences. Evidently, Lady Macbeth manifests a domineering attitude towards her husband, Macbeth, whom she even considers as innocent and helpless in some non-implied way. Considering the pride of men by nature and the manly instinct suggesting the negation of female position, especially during the contemporary European society, Macbeth is enticed to abide the plans and plots of Lady Macbeth. Moreover, as illustrated in the opening scenes, Macbeth is the one who shows hesitancy over the plot of his wife. â€Å"Macbeth: If we should fail? Lady Macbeth: We fail! But screw your courage to the sticking-place, and well not fail. When Duncan is asleepWhereto the rather shall his days hard journey soundly invite himhis two chamberlains (Act I: Scene VII)† It is important to note that the culture and tradition from the time of Macbeth’s writing prohibits the insubordination of males by females; however, Lady Macbeth is able to create an illusion of caring character to mask her manipulation. Somehow, the concept maybe contradicting to the prevailing culture of their time, but the strength of feminine influence and dominancy is very much evident in the role of Lady Macbeth to the point that even Duncan acknowledges her bravery. Following the latter scenes of the play, it is Lady Macbeth who works behind the kingly figure of Macbeth indicating the powers placed by Shakespeare in the woman’s tongue in his Macbeth. Analysis of the Three Plays In the three plays of Shakespeare analyzed in this study, the play Othello mentions the power of Desdemona’s decision in marrying the noble moor, while Goneril, Regan and Cordelia use the feminine touch of patriarchal influence in order to create significant impact in King Lear’s decisions for his kingdom, and lastly, Lady Macbeth who issues direct but properly strategize dominancy and manipulation over her husband, Macbeth. These women in the following three plays have all shown significant feminine influences towards the male characters of the plays. Despite the different forms and strategies, the feminine image in the contemporary period of society has always become a part of major influential force. The portrayals of feminine influences have all been cited from the openings scenes of the play, and yet, each of the female character in these plays has already provided their significant place in the literary course. In consideration of Othello’s Desdemona, even without her initial appearance, her single decision of marrying Othello has initiated the conflicts between three male personas, Roderigo, Brabantio and Othello. The conflict between these males stand in the motives of racial discrimination of Brabantio for Othello’s Moroccan origin, and Roderigo’s desire for Desdemona that is halted and ended by their secret marriage. In the opening scenes of Othello, Desdemona has not even mentioned any words but only the decision of secret marriage, and yet the uprising between the three main characters has already climbed the higher intensity. Meanwhile, the sisters and their king, from the play King Lear? are provided with the scenario of lingual enticements. Goneril and Regan are able to entice their father through their praises full of masked thoughts. However, despite of their masked or seemingly unreal feminine allurement, Goneril and Regan are given portions of the kingdom under the King’s verdict. Meanwhile, the youngest, Cordelia offers the most honest answer he can give, which is the love of expression than love through words. However, due to Corderlia’s failure in enticing the male pride and instinct of King Lear, she has been banished from the throne including her right as the daughter of the king. The feminine influence being portrayed in this novel is on the aspect of pleasing the male pride, which holds the key in manipulating their superiority and grants – as with the portrayal of Goneril and Regan. Lastly, the dominance of Lady Macbeth towards her husband Macbeth has led to their plot of killing the current minister, Duncan, and subduing the kingdom under Macbeth’s leading. The portrayal of Lady Macbeth has provided the illustration of the aggressive form of female manipulation through a well-masked intent towards rule and power. Conclusion The feminine influences of the characters Desdemona, the three sisters and Lady Macbeth have all illustrated diverse forms on how females in the contemporary plays of Shakespeare can influence the male society. As for Othello’s wife, Desdemona, she is able to influence the uprising of the male characters in the opening scenes through her simple decision of marrying the racially discriminated individual, Othello, the noble moor. Meanwhile, the two sisters, Goneril and Regan, are able to entice their patriarch’s affection leading to the favor of having the kingdom’s inheritance. Cordelia, on the other hand, symbolizes how men’s pride can be blinded by false feminine allure, which sometimes hinders male’s judgments of truth. Lastly, Lady Macbeth who provides the portrayal of dominant manipulation over her husband in order to attain higher positions through the royal crown.

Why the Doha Round negotiation wasnt concluded until today

Why the Doha Round negotiation wasnt concluded until today Explain why the Doha Round negotiation has failed to be concluded until today. The Doha Development Round or Doha Development Agenda (DDA) is one of World Trade Organization (WTO) efforts to liberalize international trade which was commenced in November 2001 with the objective of lowering trade barriers around the world. This allows countries to increase trade globally; permitting free trade between countries; to open agricultural and manufacturing markets and expand intellectual property regulation. As of 2008, talks have stalled over a divide on major issues, such as agriculture, industrial tariffs and non-tariff barriers, services, and trade remedies. The members of Doha Round are consisting of the developed nations which led by the European Union (EU), the United States (USA), and Japan and the major developing countries which led and represented mainly by India, Brazil, China, and South Africa. The Ministerial Conferences and related negotiations have taken place in: 1. Doha, Qatar (2001) The main issues discussed were the Singapore Issue which comprises the new rules on investment liberalization, competition policy, government procurement, market access, and control on trade and any form of red-tape including e-commerce. The Singapore Issue was agreed by the industrial countries at WTO Ministerial meeting in Singapore in January 1996 without negotiating with the developing countries. Furthermore, it also links to the Non- Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) with the method of reducing tariff rates of manufactured product. Besides that, the issue regarding the liberalization and removal of subsidies for agriculture particularly by industrial countries that are reluctant in reducing or removing subsidies caused the failure of agreement. 2. Cancun, Mexico (2003) The Cancà ºn ministerial collapsed after four days for several reasons such as both the European Unions Common Agricultural Policy and the United States government agro-subsidies could not come to an agreement with the other countries concerning their subsidies in agriculture sector. Furthermore, the developing countries also rejected the Singapore Issue that erodes country sovereignty. Moreover, the government of the developing countries did not have freedom in drafting and implementing development policies for the people welfare and national interest. 3. Geneva, Switzerland (2004,2006, 2008 and 2009) It failed in 2006 because of farming subsidies and lowering import taxes. The developing countries were instructed to reduce tariff rates to the level which will harm the domestic industries. However, USA wanted the developing countries to open up their agricultural market, eliminate special treatment given to local industries, and eliminate special safeguards mechanisms (SSM) but yet they themselves reluctant to open agriculture market. Furthermore, the chance of success in this agreement is getting smaller as the Trade Act of 2002 expires in the year of 2007. The broad authority granted will pass to the US president George W. Bush and this will increase the dominant power of US and this would create conflicts between the interests between developed and developing countries. 4. Paris, France (2005) France disagreed to cut subsidies to farmers, while the US, Australia, EU, Brazil and India failed to come with agreement relating to chicken, beef and rice. Although most are minor points, trade negotiations are facing more problems when dealing with major issues. The delaying tactics played by EU were charged to be the reason threatened to spoil the round. 5. Hong Kong (2005) Industrial countries remain unfair towards the developing countries opening up the agriculture sector, services sector, and manufacturing goods. Besides that, the rules that proposed for countries brought negative impact or so called industry injury in opening economy to rectify matter which the possible sectors including textile, clothing, sugar, leather products that known as sensitive products. For instance, the Malaysia government opens up the textile market if deal with the agreement. However, in one or two years later, due to the openness of the textile market might hurt domestic textile industries in Malaysia. This is so called the industry injury as it brings negative impact or backslides to local Malaysia textile industries. Hence, the government can increase tariff rate for temporary to protect key industries before exposing them to foreign competitions as what Japan and South Korea did it successfully. 6. Potsdam, Germany (2007) In June 2007, due to the disagreement on opening up agriculture and industrial markets in various countries and cutting rich nation farm subsidies, the agreement again broke down. The main countries involved in this were the US, EU, India and Brazil. There are several reasons which result in why the Doha Round negotiation has failed to be concluded until today. First of all, the failure to agree on special safeguard mechanism (SSM) during Geneva 2008 which aimed to protect poor farmers by allowing countries to impose a special tariff on certain agricultural goods when there is a rise in import rise or fall in the price. Under SSM, the United State and EU protect their productions and their domestic markets by giving high subsidies. As a result, the United State farming community enjoys very low cost of production and their products are extremely cheap. The tariff on agriculture products of developing countries have to be reduced and they are only allowed to increase the tariff if their import is rose above 40%. In spite of this, India opposed the policies because it proposed to use such mechanisms when imports of agricultural products and food reached a 10% increase, while the developed countries wanted that these mechanisms trig gered at a 40% increase on import. This would possibly caused millions of agricultural workers to have suffered the negative outcomes of this liberalization. Many developing countries support Indias position because India represents the strong voice expressing many poor countries which concern on the livelihoods of millions of small farmers in the developing countries and they want to protect their infant domestic markets. However, United State refused to accept the safeguards proposed by India and this results the Doha Round failed to be concluded because of the disagreement over the special safeguard mechanism (SSM) issue. Next, the other factor that causes Doha Round failed to be concluded is these negotiations insisted on an exchange. The developed countries would open their markets for developing countries agricultural products while the developing countries would open their markets for the developed countries industrial products. These negotiations are known as NAMA (Non Agricultural Market Access). If NAMA is succeeded, this would strengthen the traditional role of developed countries and their transnational corporations as exporters of high-value goods and technology and increase the risk of rapid deindustrialization of the least developed countries, while slowing down the development of the developing countries industrial and technological advancement. Meanwhile, this would have an adverse effect on the ability of governments to design and implement policies in order to promote industry for local capitals and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) as part of a sustainable economic development and g ender equity in the long term. Under NAMA, governments agreed to increase market access commitments through a tariff reduction formula that will even out or regulating the tariff levels across products to become more standardize. High tariffs will be subjected to steeper cuts than lower tariffs, and tariffs will be cut on a product-specific basis. Besides, this is a real innovation as compared to past rounds where countries were merely required to make an average tariff cut. This allowed them to pick and choose the products on which to cut tariffs and thus allowed tariff peaks to continue. The tariff cuts promoted in NAMA would open industries to competition with imported industrialized goods, which would probably hinder the local production with serious impacts for the loss of millions of employments. In addition, the global food and fuel crisis is another major factor that caused the Doha Round failed to be concluded. In July 2008, the price of crude oil has increased from USD80 per barrel to USD145 per barrel. The prices of wheat and rice also increased more than 50% from March 2007 to March 2008. The other countries which are already reluctant to compromise on the world trade term will be even reluctant to compromise after the impact. For example, India has to stop the export of its rice to other countries due to the food crisis. This is because the oil price is too high and this will eventually affect the food production. In contrary, US tried to encourage the production of agricultural products by giving farmers generous subsidies. These US products will then flood to the international market and worsen the domestic markets of developing countries. Moreover, reducing tariff would also reduce the income of developing countries. Consequently, the developed nations will not cut subsidies while the developing nations will not reduce their tariffs. Furthermore, the opting for bilateral or regional free trade area (FTA) by some of the member countries in WTO also one of the factors contributing to the failure of Doha Round. For instance, a deal signed by US and Japan that the US will export rice to Japan if Japan reduces its tariffs on US rice imports by 10%. US reciprocated the deal by lowering tariffs on one of the Japanese products import. However, under the Most Favored Nation (MFN) rule, Japan will need to reduce import tariff on all of its rice importers not only to USA. This rule is deemed by many especially the developed countries as unfair because developing countries become free riders under the system. Besides, countries have the alternative of forming their own FTAs with their preferred choice of trading partner. Therefore, countries participating in the Doha Round are definitely less willing to cooperate as they feel that they have the choice of develop their own FTA later. One of the good examples would be Singapor e where it signed a FTA with USA in January 2003. Singapore might deem the relatively slow developments of ASEAN as an impediment to its own growth and thus signed an FTA with US. Therefore, Doha Round still failed to be concluded. Apart from that, the emergence of China, India and Brazil could be one of the factors that caused the Doha Round fail to be concluded. China, India and Brazil are emerging as the leaders of the developing countries recently. Their role in global trade had been increasing and US is afraid that its importance will override by these countries. Thus, US not willing to compromise in the terms under Doha Round because they do not want to give out any benefits to these rival countries. Furthermore, there is also lack of commitment from some of the participating countries. During the Cancà ºn 2003, it was questioned whether some countries had come to Cancà ºn with a serious intention to negotiate. In the view of some observers, a few countries showed no flexibility in their positions and only repeated their demands rather than talk about trade-offs. The rich countries are never committed into helping their poorer counterparts but just interested in their own benefits from trades. Developing countries want to gain more profit and want to protect their infant economies by implementing high tariffs. As a result, Doha Round failed to be concluded because the members of the countries refuse to mutually accommodate each others requests. In conclusion, Doha Round has failed to be concluded until today because most of the countries are interested in own benefits than helping another countries. In fact, developed countries are shielding their agricultural sectors too much while developing countries are less interested in opening up their industrial goods markets. For instance, the most recent round of negotiations which was held from 23 to 29 July 2008, broke down after failing to reach a compromise on agricultural import rules. After the breakdown, major negotiations were not expected to resume until 2009. Nevertheless, intense negotiations mostly between the USA, China, and India were held in the end of 2008 in order to agree on negotiation modalities. However, these negotiations did not result in any progress. Thus, in order to achieve the main objective of Doha Round, the self-interested mentality should not exist. Therefore, it is not easy to create a successful conclusion for Doha Round and that is why Doha Round still failed to be concluded until today.

tiger :: essays research papers

Class Overall, class was enjoyable. I learned many new things about the game of golf. The discussions of the history of the game and of the layout of the course allowed me to, in the period of one day, create a greater appreciation and understanding of the game of golf. I was interested and learned much about the history and development of golf and how certain ecological aspects of the course affect game play. Assigned Readings   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of Updike’s articles were easy for me to relate to. Updike seems to me to be a very intent golfer who is very easily distracted and easily frustrated. He seems to love the game but finds it difficult to get good now that he is aging.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I especially like the way he writes the novel. Although at times he is difficult to follow, his wording makes the story interesting. My favorite aspect of the novel is the descriptive scenes he gives and how he develops them into extremely problematic situations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the book, my favorite section is the â€Å"Golf Dreams† section. This is because of several reasons. Firstly, as I have mentioned, I like his style and descriptiveness of the scene. I also find it easy to relate to his situation where he makes everything seem much more difficult than it really is. Overall I enjoyed the first readings. Day 2 (May 14, 2002) Class   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today was a fairly relaxed class. Since I knew most of what was discussed, time seemed to pass quickly. The discussion over Golf Dreams was interesting and it caused me to think about the readings more than I had already done. Assigned Readings   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The new Updike readings were not as interesting to me a the first readings were. I liked â€Å"The Pro† but that was about it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I noticed that his disgust with the way he was playing the game slowly depreciated and that he became more relaxed. He eventually makes himself a hypocrite in the fact that he just plays the game for fun and that he eventually accepts the gimmes and similar things he did not usually do. The Game of Golf   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I thought that since this is a journal about golf it wouldn’t hurt to write about golf. Today I shot a 69 at our golf match. The worst part is I cheated. I told my opponent that I did cheat so that he could disqualify me but he didn’t believe me. The truth is I realized that golf really isn’t that important and that it is only fun when I really want to go to the course and play.

Essay example --

In the novel One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey we are introduced to the theme of the machine controlling the patients in the ward. The combine, as it is referred to several times throughout the novel, is a machine that is used in farming that is used for cutting crops. In Cuckoo’s Nest, the combine is used as a metaphor for society and how it controls, destroys and manipulates the patients. The character Nurse Ratched is a â€Å"high ranking official† (p. 165) of the combine with nearly every character in the novel under her control. With extreme intelligence, she uses her power to influence how the population of the ward acts and what they do. Fear is a major component of the nurse’s tactics as she uses it to get what she wants and gets things done exactly how she wants it. The two types of patients in the novel, the Acutes who are â€Å"still sick enough to be fixed† (p. 13) and the Chronics who â€Å"can’t be repaired† (p. 14) are treated much differently by the nurse and her staff as she must be more strict with the chronics and is allowed to be more lenient with the acutes. The ...

Mr. Collins’ and Mr. Darcy’s first proposals to Elizabeth. How do they :: Free Essay Writer

Mr. Collins’ and Mr. Darcy’s first proposals to Elizabeth. How do they style and the content of the proposals reflect on how these three characters are portrayed in the rest of the novel. In what ways are attitudes to marriage different from today? Pride and Prejudice =================== Compare and contrast of Mr. Collins’ and Mr. Darcy’s first proposals to Elizabeth. How do they style and the content of the proposals reflect on how these three characters are portrayed in the rest of the novel. In what ways are attitudes to marriage different from today? Jane Austen’s ‘Pride and Prejudice’ reveals the importance of social status and how marriages affected women at that time. The book opens with the words, ‘It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.’ This implies that the chief interest in the book will be marriage. The main character is Elizabeth Bennet who, unlike Charlotte Lucas, does not want to marry only for a comfortable and to avoid the stigma of not being married, but also for love. There is a big contrast between Mr Collins’ and Darcy’s proposal and give us insight into these three character. Mr. Collins is a figure of comedy in this novel. He is described as ‘not a sensible man, and the deficiency of nature had been but little assisted by education or society’. He speaks in a very formal way indeed. He is a picture of ‘pride and obsequiousness, self-importance and humility’ At Longbourn having been told that Jane was likely to marry Mr. Bingley, Mr. Collins decides to propose to Elizabeth Bennet, ‘having no feelings of diffidence’ with ‘all his solemn composure’ because he supposes this is only a ‘regular part of business’. First, he asks for a private conversation with Elizabeth. Before Elizabeth has met Mr. Collins, she was ‘chiefly struck with his extraordinary deference for Lady Catherine de Bourgh’, but after she sees him, her dislike towards Collins is even stronger. At the Netherfield ball, Mr. Collins requests the first two dances with Elizabeth that let her feel ‘herself completely taken in’. In the meantime, she also realizes that her mother is planning a marriage for her, but she has never expected this proposal. Therefore, this proposal gives Elizabeth ‘a blush of surprise’. She immediately tries to avoid for not having a private conversation with Mr. Collins and says ‘I am going away myself’ which shows she wants to escape from the embarrassment. However, her mother insists upon Elizabeth ‘staying and hearing Mr. Collins’’.

An Efficient and Practical Solution to Secure the Passwords of Smartcards

AN EFFICIENT AND PRACTICAL SOLUTION TO SECURE THE PASSWORD OF SMARTCARD Abstraction The two peculiar security dangers on acute card-based secret word cheque in conveyed models. Keen card-based secret key verification is a standout amongst the most normally utilised security instruments to concentrate the personality of a distant client, who must keep a significant superb card and the comparison war cry to finish a fruitful confirmation with the server.The proof is by and large coordinated with a cardinal foundation convention and outputs shrewd card-based secret key verified cardinal assention. We utilize two conventions as a portion of this system and they are ( 1 ) enemies with precomputed information put off in the savvy card, and ( 2 ) enemies with typical information ( as for diverse clip infinites ) put away in the astute card. The antagonistic step proposed for the security dangers and secures the conventions. List TERMS- Verification, cardinal trade, disconnected from the net and on-line vocabulary assaults Presentation Distant verification is of amazing significance to guarantee an organized waiter against revengeful distant clients in spread models. To beef up security, crisp card based war cry registry has turned with a title-holder amongst the most extraordinary avowal sections. This methodological analysis includes a waiter and a client and on a regular basis consist three phases. This phase comprise hitch phase, where the waiter issues a acute card to the client. EXISTING System In a current model, A strong and effectual client verification and cardinal assention program using acute cards. It is intended to compel assorted tempting catchs including no secret key tabular array, waiter proof, and so forth. In any instance the important limitation of is a reasonably high computation cost. This is enhanced with another proposition in by mistreating the focal points of pre-computation, i.e. , inordinate operations are finished in the disconnected from the net phase ( before the confirmation ) . It is asserted in that their program can expect logged off word mention assaults irrespective of the fact that the enigma informations put away in a savvy card is traded off. Related Work As a major facet of the security indoors dispersed models, different disposals and assets need insurance from unapproved use. Distant confirmation is the most by and large utilised scheme to concentrate the character of a distant client. This paper examines an orderly attack for formalizing clients by three elements, to be specific secret word, astute card, and biometries. A non specific and unafraid construction is proposed to redesign two-component proof to three-element verification. The alteration non merely wholly enhances the informations verification with easiness to boot secures client protection in disseminated models. Likewise, our system holds a few practice-accommodating belongingss of the basic two-component verification, which we accept is of independent investing. Inculcating false information assault is a singular genuine hazard to remote detector system, for which a enemy studies forge informations to drop conveying on blooper pick at upper degree and verve squander in theodolite hubs. In this paper, we propose a novel transportation velocity proficient helpful proof ( BECAN ) program for dividing infused false information. Taking into history the arbitrary diagram properties of detector hub organisation and the helpful bit-packed proof scheme, the proposed BECAN program can save verve by in front of agenda identifying and dividing the king of beasts ‘s portion of infused false information with minor extra operating expenses at the in theodolite hubs. Furthermore, merely a small part of infused false information demands to be checked by the sink, which accordingly by and large decreases the problem of the sink. Both conjectural and reproduction consequences are given to exhibit the viability of the proposed program every bit far as hig h dividing likeliness and verve sparing. Secret word verification has been embraced as a standout amongst the most by and large utilised agreements as a portion of system environment to screen assets from unapproved access.Recently, Lee–Kim–Yoo [ S.W. Lee, H.S. Kim, K.Y. Yoo, Improvement of Chien et Al. ‘s distant user hallmark strategy utilizing smart cards, Computer Standards & A ; Interfaces 27 ( 2 ) ( 2005 ) 181–183 ] and Lee-Chiu [ N.Y. Lee, Y.C. Chiu, Improved remote hallmark strategy with smart card, Computer Standards & A ; Interfaces 27 ( 2 ) ( 2005 ) 177–180 ] individually proposed a acute card based secret cardinal proof program. We demonstrate that these two programs are both capable to phony assaults gave that the informations put away in the savvy card is revealed by the enemy. We likewise suggest an enhanced program with formal security verification. Despite the fact that the acute card brings amenitiess, it similarly builds the danger on history of lost cards. When the smart card is possessed by an aggressor, the aggressor will perchance try to analyse the secret information within the smart card to infer the hallmark mechanism of the waiter and so hammer user certificates or interrupt the full hallmark system In this paper, we analyze the lost smart card onslaught from Juang et al.’s strategy [ 5 ] that proposes watchword authenticated cardinal understanding. In order to bolster the security of the full system, we mitigated some of its failings. Computer security is one of most of import issues around the universe. Most computing machine systems are utilizing watchwords for their ain hallmark or confirmation mechanisms. A robust and efficacious attack for categorization of 24 individuals who their typewriting forms were collected introduced. A additive ( LDC ) , quadratic discriminant classifier ( QDC ) and k nearest neighbor ( K-NN ) are utilized to sort users keystroke forms. After that a set of mentioned ensemble methods are adopted to cut down the mistake rate and increase the dependability of biometric hallmark system. Promising consequences have been achieved. The best mean FAR, FRR and EER parametric quantities are achieved for remarkable classifiers as 19.20 % , 0.81 % and 1.39 % severally. The province of the art public presentation consequences mean FAR, FRR and EER parametric quantities are achieved for the ensemble classifiers as 0.00 % , 0.00 % and 1.15 % severally. The comfort of 802.11-based distant entree systems has prompted unbounded organisation in the client, modern and military parts. Notwithstanding, this use is predicated on a verifiable guess of classifiedness and handiness. While the security imperfectnesss in 802.11 ‘s indispensable in private constituents have been by and large promoted, the dangers to system handiness are far less loosely increased in value. Actually, it has been proposed that 802.11 is deeply powerless to noxious disclaimer of-administration ( DoS ) assaults concentrating on its disposal and media entree conventions. This paper gives an explorative scrutiny of such802.11-particular assaults – their common sense, their adequateness and possible low-overhead execution PROPOSED SYSTEM Existing program was farther enhanced by proposed program. which demonstrates that attackers can efficaciously copy the client with old secret key and old information in the savvy card. In this manner, another program was proposed to change that imperfectness, together with a few other new belongingss, for illustration, frontward enigma and secret key altering with no coaction with the waiter. The security scrutiny made in demonstrates that the enhanced program stays procure under disconnected from the net word mention assault in the superb card bad luck instance. A alteration of bing program was as of late presented and Compared with the old program, the new program in gives the convenience of secret key altering operations and has a few attractive key belongingss. Faculties PRODUCT PRESPECTIVE Existing described a efficient user hallmark and cardinal understanding strategy utilizing smart cards. Existing strategy can be viewed as an betterment over the one proposed in, which is designed to suit a figure of desirable characteristics including no watchword tabular array, waiter hallmark, etc. But the major restriction of is a comparatively high calculation cost. This is improved with a new proposal in by working the advantages of pre-computation, i.e. , dearly-won operations are completed in the offline-phase ( before the hallmark ) . It is claimed in that their strategy can forestall offline-dictionary onslaughts even if the secret information stored in a smart card is compromised. PRODUCT FEATURES Existing strategy was farther improved by hearty strategy shows that aggressors can successfully portray the user with old watchword and old informations in the smart card. Therefore, a new strategy was proposed to repair that defect, together with several other new belongingss such as forward secretiveness and watchword altering without any interaction with the waiter. The security analysis made in indicates that the improved strategy remains unafraid under offline-dictionary onslaught in the smart-card loss instance. An betterment strategy was late introduced by hearty strategy. Compared with the old strategy, the new strategy in provides the serviceability of password-changing operations and has several desirable key belongingss. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION CONSTRAINTS Constraints IN ANALYSIS Constraints as Informal Text Constraints as Operational Restrictions Constraints Integrated in Existing Model Concepts Constraints as a Separate Concept Constraints Implied by the Model Structures Constraints IN DESIGN Determination of the Involved Classs Determination of the Involved Objects Determination of the Involved Actions Determination of the Require Clauses Global actions and Constraint Realization Constraints IN IMPLEMENTATION A assorted leveled organizing of dealingss may convey approximately more categories and a more addled construction to put to death. Accordingly it is suiting to alter the assorted leveled connexion construction to an easier construction, for illustration, an established degree one. It is slightly direct to alter the formed assorted leveled theoretical account into a bipartite, degree theoretical account, consisting of categories from one position and degree dealingss on the other. Flat dealingss are favored at the outline degree for grounds of effortlessness and usage easiness. There is no personality or usefulness connected with a flat connexion. A flat connexion compares with the connexion thought of element relationship demonstrating and legion point situated systems. SYSTEM FEATURES This paper returned to the security of two secret key validated cardinal assention conventions using superb cards. While they were thought to be unafraid, we demonstrated that these conventions are faulty under their ain intuitions separately. Specifically, we considered a few kinds of enemies which were non viewed as in their lineations, e.g. , enemies with precomputed information put off in the astute card and enemies with diverse information ( as for typical clip gaps ) put away in the smartcard. These enemies speak to the possible dangers in spread models and are non the same as the usually known 1s, which we accept merit the consideration from both the scholarly universe and the concern. We likewise proposed the replies for fix the security defects. At the terminal of the twenty-four hours, our results highlight the criticality of extended security theoretical accounts and formal security scrutiny on the constellation of secret word verified cardinal assention conventions using superb cards. EXTERNAL INTERFACE REQUIREMENTS USER INTERFACES 1. All the substance in the undertaking are executed utilizing Graphical Client Interface ( GUI ) in Java through JSP 2. Each theoretical piece of the ventures is reflected using the JSP with Java 3. Framework gets the information and conveys through the GUI based. HardwareInterfaces ISDN You can unify your AS/400 to a Joined Organizations Automated Framework ( ISDN ) for faster, more exact informations transmittal. An ISDN is an unfastened or private electronic correspondences sort out that can assist informations, facsimile, image, and diverse organisations over the same physical interface. Similarly, you can utilize typical traditions on ISDN, for case, IDLC and X.25. SOFTWARE INTERFACES This merchandise is associated with the TCP/IP convention, Attachment and listening on fresh ports. Server Attachment and listening on fresh ports and JDK 1.6. COMMUNICATION INTERFACES 1. TCP/IP protocol. OTHER NONFUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS Performance Requirement To incorporate the several advantages of internal and external images, a straightforward scheme is to choose external images when the laterality mark of the internal images is below a predefined threshold. However, this threshold-based method is non elegant and the threshold is normally difficult to find. Therefore we propose a bunch based strategy to jointly choose the best summarisation from internal every bit good as external images, in an incorporate manner. Safety REQUIREMENTS 1. The merchandise may be security know aparting. Provided that this is true, there are issues connected with its trustiness degree 2. The merchandise may non be security know aparting in malice of the fact that it structures some piece of a well-being basic model. Case in point, programming may basically log exchanges. 3. In the event that a model must be of a high reputability degree and if the merchandise is indicated to be of that uprightness degree, so the equipment must be at any rate of the same honestness degree. 4. There is small point in presenting â€Å" flawless † codification in some idiom if equipment and model scheduling ( in broadest sense ) are non solid. 5. On the off opportunity that a Personal computer model is to run scheduling of a high uprightness degree so that model ought non in the interim oblige scheduling of a lower honestness degree. 6. Models with typical requirements for wellbeing degrees must be divided. 7. Something else, the largest sum of trustiness obliged must be connected to all models in the same environment Faculties Information STOCKPILLING Plan In most savvy card-based secret word verification programs, superb cards merely hive away the information created amid the enlistment phase. Consequently, an enemy with the astute card can merely acquire the information produced in that phase. However, this is diverse in bing convention, where the savvy card contains the information delivered amid the enlistment phase every bit good as created amid the precomputation phase. Along these lines, an enemy with the superb card in can acquire both kinds of information SECRET WORDCHANGING Scheme As one can see, the important intent for the online and disconnected from the net word mention assaults on is the constellation of the superb card in registration phase, where V is figured with the terminal end of executing war cry altering with no connexion with the waiter. To do the convention secure, we can calculate V in an surrogate mode A alteration of bing program was as of late presented by robust strategy. Contrasted and the old program, the new program in gives the easiness of usage of secret key altering operations and has a few attractive key belongingss. HEARTY SCHEME In this paper, we consider an enemy who has the capacity separate the information put off in the superb card of a peculiar client more than one time, i.e. , the enemy has the information in the astute card delivered at typical clip infinites because of secret word germinating. Such an enemy can efficaciously ( with overmastering likeliness ) figure the watchwords picked by a client in robust program. So we proposed new program that is powerful robust program for Smart-Card secret key confirmation Architecture Diagram Attacker with Pre-Computed Data in the Smart Card Attacker with Different Data in the Smart Card: Decision This paper returned to the security of two secret word understanding conventions using shrewd cards. While they were thought to be unafraid, we demonstrated that these conventions are faulty under their ain intuitions individually. Specifically, we considered a few kinds of enemies which were non thought to be in their programs, e.g. , enemies with precomputed information put off in the acute card and enemies with typical information ( sing diverse clip infinites ) put away in the smartcard. These enemies speak to the possible dangers in appropriated models and are non the same as the normally known 1s, which we accept merit the consideration from both the scholarly universe and the concern. We to boot proposed the replies for fix the security defects. At the terminal of the twenty-four hours, our results highlight the essentiality of extended security theoretical accounts and formal security probe on the lineation of war cry validated cardinal assention conventions using superb card s. Mentions 1 ] K-K. R. Choo, C. Boyd, and Y. Hitchcock, â€Å" The criticality of verifications of security for cardinal foundation conventions: Formal scrutiny of Jan-Chen, Yang-Shen-Shieh, Kim-Huh-Hwang-Lee, Lin-Sun-Hwang, and Yeh-Sun conventions, † Comput. Commun. , vol. 29, no. 15, pp. 2788-2797, 2006. [ 2 ] H. Chien, J. Jan, and Y. Tseng, â€Å" A productive and functional reply for distant verification: Smart card, † Comput. Secur. , vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 372-375, Aug. 2002. [ 3 ] T.F. Cheng, J.S. Lee, and C.C. Chang, â€Å" Security ascent of an IC-card-based remote login instrument, † Comput.Netw. , vol. 51, no. 9, pp. 2280-2287, Jun. 2007. [ 4 ] C.-I Fan, Y.-C Chan, and Z.-K Zhang, â€Å" Powerful distant verification program with astute cards † . Comput.Secur. , vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 619-628, Nov. 2005. [ 5 ] J. Hu, D. Gingrich, and A. Sentosa, â€Å" A k-closest neighbour attack for client verification through biometric keystroke flow † , IEEE ICC Conference, pp. 1556-1560, Beijing, China, May 2008. [ 6 ] C.L. Hsu, â€Å" Security of Chien et Al ‘s. remote client verification program using savvy cards † , Comput. Stand. Entomb. , vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 167C169, May 2004. [ 7 ] X. Huang, Y. Xiang, A. Chonka, J. Zhou and R.H. Deng, â€Å" A Generic Framework for Three-Factor Authentication: Preserving Security and Privacy in Distributed Systems † , IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst, vol. 22, no. 8, pp.1390-1397, Aug. 2011. [ 8 ] W. S. Juang, S. T. Chen, and H. T. Liaw, â€Å" Hearty and proficient secret key validated cardinal assention using astute cards, † IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. , vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 2551-2556, Jun. 2008. [ 9 ] W. C. Ku and S. M. Chen, â€Å" Defects and ascents of a proficient secret key based distant client proof program using astute cards, † IEEE Trans. Consum.Electron. , vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 204-207, Feb. 2004. [ 10 ] P. C. Kocher, J. Jaffe, and B. Jun, â€Å" Differential force scrutiny, † in Proc. Progresss in Cryptology-CRYPTO'99, M. J. Wiener, Ed, 1999, LNCS, vol. 1666, pp. 388-397.